آموزش کامل زبان سی پلاس پلاس

Professor Alvin Sylvain returns to teach you how the C++ programming language can be both enjoyable and highly useful. Professor Sylvain makes learning C++ as easy as possible with lessons that first focus on theory and sample code, before diving into compiling and troubleshooting actual code and applications. His extensive teaching experience also allows him to effectively show users how to avoid common pitfalls. This intermediate C++ course covers topics from Templates to Exception Handling and is perfect whether you're a seasoned programming professional or just moving on from Alvin's introductory course. Professor Sylvain has an M.S. in Computer Science and over 20 years of experience teaching and tutoring students in C++. I. Intermediate C++ Overview of Intermediate C++ 39:28 Intro 00:00 Overview 00:22 Review 03:10 Language Features You're Expected to Already be Familiar With 03:41 Introduce New Features and Cover Some Familiar Territory More In-Depth 04:17 Containers; Vector 04:45 Features: Templates and Containers 04:56 Vector is the First Container Learned 05:15 Example 05:44 Containers; List 07:18 Linked List is One of the Most Basic Data Structures in Computer Science 07:24 This Class Shows How to Use the Standard Library 'List' Container 07:52 Example 08:15 Containers; Set, Map 9:15 Binary Tree 9:23 'Set' and 'Map' are Not Sequential 10:23 Set Retrieves Unique Keys 10:41 Map Retrieves a Unique Key, Then the Related Value 10:55 Example 11:11 Templates 12:00 Allow for Code Re-Use and Modularity 12:14 Example 12:46 Object Oriented Programming 15:19 OOP is the Main Motivating Factor to the Original Development 15:29 Only Grafted on Non-OOP Features 15:39 Discuss How Classes and Objects Are Created and Instantiated in C++ 16:20 Operator Overloading 18:29 Writing Polymorphic Functions 18:39 Operator Overloading is a Standard Feature in Most Programming Language 18:52 Example 19:00 Exception 21:05 Practical Programming Means Handling Unexpected Conditions in an Expected Way 21:08 Programmers Have Used Different Techniques to Pass Along Info That's 'Less Than Good' 22:27 Exception Handling in C++ 23:51 C++ Exceptions Can be Any Type 24:31 Example 24:38 Namespaces 25:30 Name Collision 25:40 C++ Solution is for Each Company to Use Their Own Unique Namespace 26:06 Example 26:29 Input/Output 27:43 Class Hierarchy for C++ Input/Output 28:16 Turn on Exception Handling and Check Input/Output Status Bits 28:21 How to Use 'Stringstream' Object 28:32 More Details for Functions 29:19 Parameters on the Main Function 29:34 Inline Functions 29:52 Recursive Functions 30:34 Pass Pointers to Functions as Function Parameters 30:42 More Kinds of Types 32:23 Union to Force Memory Overlap 32:30 Enum Type 33:01 Typedef Keyword 33:37 Keeping Things the Same 'Const' 34:00 Pre-Compiler Macros 34:09 '#include' 34:22 '#define' 34:45 Conditional Compilation with '#ifdef' 35:19 Compiling the Code 35:57 Dash D Testing 36:26 Common Flags 37:18 Flag That Allows a Run-Time Debugger to Hook Into the Application 38:11 Tally Ho! 39:07 Review 56:23 Intro 0:00 Overview 0:21 Acquire a Compiler 1:24 Windows 1:51 Macintosh 2:02 Acquire a Compiler for Linux 2:18 Redhat 2:28 Ubuntu 2:38 Software Manager 2:51 Acquire an Editor 3:14 Popular Editors 3:48 Compile and Run a Program 5:00 Traditional First Program 5:28 Comments in Code 8:12 Standard C 'block' Type Comment 8:34 C++ 'to end of line' Comment 8:59 Simple Data Types 10:00 Integer 10:07 Floating Point 11:11 Character 11:50 Two Types of 'Strings' in C++ 12:31 Examples 12:48 Operators 15:56 Unary 16:01 Binary 17:24 Ternary 18:16 Function-like 18:43 Member Reference 19:41 Expressions 20:51 Modifying 21:01 Arithmetic 21:24 Comparison 21:46 Logical 22:24 Comma 22:48 Left-Hand Expressions 24:04 'Right hand' 24:07 'Left hand' 24:30 Examples 25:12 'If' Branching 26:33 'Switch' Branching 29:15 Looping 30:59 'While' Loop 31:04 'Do While' Loop 32:17 'For' Loop 32:59 'Break' 34:15 'Continue' 34:36 Functions 34:49 Prototypes 36:06 Function Parameters 36:36 Return Value 38:23 Overloading 38:41 Arrays 39:10 Multi-Dimensional Arrays 41:05 Pointers 43:37 Definition 43:43 'Dereference' Operator 43:51 'Reference' Operator 44:40 Structures 47:20 Example: Without Structure 48:12 Example: With Structure 49:13 Object Oriented Programming 51:00 Access Can Be Defined As 53:24 Input / Output 54:07 Insertion Operator 54:29 Extraction Operator 55:04 File Stream Objects 55:33 Two Thumbs Up! 55:58 Containers, Vector 40:14 Intro 0:00 Lesson Overview 0:11 Containers 01:50 Vector 01:58 List 02:24 Set, Map 02:56 Data Access 03:44 Iterators 04:10 Container Information 04:37 Vector 04:53 Memory Re-Allocation 06:07 Declare Vector of 'Type' 07:37 Size and Capacity 08:01 Vector Variable 08:20 Vector Variable (Initial Size, Initial Value) 09:27 Vector Variable (Initial Size) 10:11 Access Vector Data 10:27 Example: Typical Array Access 10:46 Method Call Access 11:07 Other Data Access 12:26 Front 12:30 Back 12:38 Use Empty Function to Test 13:37 Vector Information 14:36 Resize 15:53 Reserve 17:55 Vector Iterators 19:11 Example: Data Elements May be Accessed Like Standard Array 19:30 Data Elements May be Accessed Using Iterators 20:38 Vector Iterator Begin/ End 23:30 Begin 23:34 Eng 23:50 Reverse Begin 24:07 Reverse Iterator 24:16 'Short?' Cuts 25:21 Declaring Loop Index Inside the 'for' Loop 25:34 With Iterators 26:05 Modifying Vector Data 26:54 Push Back 27:44 Pop Back 28:57 Insertions 29:32 Example: Insert New Value at Beginning 29:51 Example: Insert Value in Middle 30:40 More Vector Operations 32:12 Empty 32:15 Erase 32:22 Clear 33:01 Assign 33:20 Compile-Time Initialization 34:34 Example 1 35:22 Example 2 36:07 Example 3 37:25 Caution-Invalidating Iterators 37:59 Contained! 39:56 Containers, List 33:40 Intro 0:00 Lesson Overview 0:13 Linked List Overview 1:34 Arrays and Vectors 1:39 Linked List 3:16 List Information 5:53 Empty Method 6:04 Max Size 6:14 Resize 6:51 List Access 7:48 Front and Back 8:04 Iterators 8:16 Example 8:49 List Iterators vs. Vector Iterators 9:24 The Next Element May be Physically in Memory Before the Current Element 9:50 Vector Iterators Allow Integer Add 10:34 List Iterators Do Not Allow Integer Add 12:24 Simple List Modification 14:24 Constructors 14:32 Difference Between Assign and Insert 15:16 Assign 15:37 Insert 16:01 Push 16:31 Pop 16:38 Erase 16:53 Complex List Modification 18:34 Merging and Splicing 18:38 Merge 19:35 Splice 20:24 Reordering 21:46 Removing 22:28 Modification Examples 23:22 Functions as Parameters 24:49 A Function for 'remove_it()' 25:04 A Function for Merge and Sort - Evens Before Odds 25:46 Deque 27:28 Insertion or Removal in Middle May be More Efficient than with Vectors 27:51 Not Guaranteed to be Contiguous Memory 28:42 Same Method as Vector, Plus More 29:00 Stack 29:11 Empty, Size, Top, Push, Pop 31:05 Queue 31:56 Definition 32:19 Not That Kind of List 33:19 Containers, Set, Map 35:35 Intro 0:00 Lesson Overview 0:11 Tree Structures for Sets/Maps 2:01 What's the Value? 3:00 Pair Template Class 4:45 Allows a Function to Return 'Two' Values Instead of the Normal One 5:15 Example for an Integer Set 5:46 Example for Map with a String Key, Double Value 7:09 Set, Multiset 8:03 What's a Set 8:32 Elements are the Key 9:30 Custom Class for Ordering 9:52 Get Data In to Set 10:28 Constructors 10:33 Insert (Value) 11:26 Insert (Position, Value) 12:30 Insert (First, Last) 13:18 Get Data Out of Set 13:28 Erase 13:33 Find 13:57 Lower_Bound 15:20 Upper_Bound 15:43 Iterators Positioned Such That a For-Loop Can 'Start at Zero' 15:59 Set Examples 16:32 Map, Multimap 19:15 Get Data In to Map 20:45 Constructors 20:48 Insert a Key Value Pair 21:25 Insert Position 22:05 Insert (First, Last) 22:21 Get Data Out of Map 22:37 Operator 23:43 Erase 25:16 Find, Lower and Upper Bound 25:28 Map Examples 25:37 Comparison Class 29:34 Example 30:37 What About Duplicates? 33:29 Define a Pair to Receive a Container Iterator and a Boolean 33:40 Example 34:07 Useful Maps 35:10 Templates 41:08 Intro 0:00 Lesson Overview 0:08 Function Template 5:48 Define 5:52 Use 6:46 Example 7:03 Constraints on Types 10:34 Example 10:45 Multiple Types 13:58 Example 14:03 Default Types 17:11 Example 17:24 Class Template 20:27 Example 20:33 Template Specialization 24:31 Example 25:00 Non-Type Parameters 27:32 Example 27:46 Templates in Templates 32:20 Example 32:34 Cautions 35:04 Don't Use a Template with a Type That Doesn't Support All the Template's Operations 35:10 Templates Can Not be Split into Header Files and Compiled Units 36:51 Issues with Debugging 39:47 Templates Gone Wild! 40:33 Object Oriented Programming, Part 1 64:48 Intro 0:00 Lesson Overview 0:14 Concepts 4:39 Historically Distinct Ways of Programming and Design 4:41 OOP Emphasizes Important Concepts 6:28 Some Terminology 9:53 Object 9:56 Class 11:47 Instance 12:56 Example 14:04 Abstraction 20:00 Abstraction Defines the Essential Characteristics of an Object 20:08 Emphasis on Essential 20:34 Classes are Defined with Characteristics That Distinguish One Class of Objects From Another 21:18 Encapsulation 22:23 Private Data 23:25 Public Methods 23:40 Protected Data 24:47 Inheritance 25:52 What Is Inheritance? 25:58 Example 27:57 Polymorphism 29:18 Example of Operator Overloading 29:30 Example of Parameter Signature 30:22 Methods Inherited From another Object Can be Overwritten and Customized to the New Object 31:13 Object Relationships 33:37 Consider Two Objects, Car and Vehicle 33:42 Consider Two Other Objects, Car and Tire 34:01 Object Motorcycle 34:22 Inheritance Example 35:27 Multiple Inheritance 39:24 Example 39:51 Be Careful for Diamond Problem 43:46 Multiple Inheritance Example 45:28 Constructors 46:55 Default Constructor 47:33 Copy Constructor 49:10 Default Constructor 50:33 Example 50:55 Shallow Copy 52:41 Example 53:10 Deep Copy 56:35 Example 56:42 Copy Constructor 61:34 Good Design? Or… 64:28 Object Oriented Programming, Part 2 44:16 Intro 0:00 Lesson Overview 0:10 Overloading Constructors 3:10 Provide Other Constructors 3:26 Example 3:43 Initialization Lists 5:40 Syntax Example 5:43 Equivalent to Initializing in Statements in the Method Body 6:50 Destructors 7:09 Destructor is Automatically Called when Instance is Deleted 7:26 Declare the Declare as Virtual in the Event the Class is Designed to be Derived by Sub-Class 9:15 What's in a Name? 11:15 Example: How to Tell Field from Parameter 11:56 Friendship Functions 16:32 Avoids Strict Object Oriented Principles and Declare the Function or Class Using 'friend' Keyword 16:47 Example 17:12 Friendship Classes 18:48 Example 18:57 Designing for Derivation 20:54 Add 'Virtual' Keyword to Public Methods 21:50 Add 'Virtual' Keyword to Destructors 24:17 Abstract Class 25:41 Designed Only for Derivation 25:47 Example 26:13 Compilation Units 28:22 Classes Are Typically Divided into the Interface Portion and Implementation Portion 28:53 Namespaces Are Used to Associate a Class Method with the Class Definition 29:31 Example Compilation Units 30:53 Definition for 'Vehicle' Class for an Include File 30:54 Implementation for 'Vehicle' Class in Program File 33:01 Why You Add 'Include Guards' 36:33 Suppose You Derive 'Automobile' From 'Vehicle' 36:38 Caller File Includes Both 37:21 Object Oriented? Or Not? 38:46 When Is It Appropriate? 39:31 When Is It Not Appropriate? 41:04 The Object Oriented Purist 43:53 Operator Overloading 72:54 Intro 0:00 Overview 0:13 When Not to Overload Operators 4:32 Arithmetic Operators Should Only Apply to 'Numeric' Kinds of Classes 4:53 Complex Number 6:04 'add' Operation vs. 'add()' Method 6:38 When It Can Be a Good Idea 7:42 Your Class is Inherently Numeric In Nature 7:49 Some Operators Still Make Sense to be Overloaded 8:26 Kinds of Operators to Overload 11:03 Binary Operator 11:19 Unary Operator 12:06 Non-Member Functions 14:27 Example: Named Vector 15:03 Named Vector is a Directional Vector with a Name 15:10 Directional Vectors 15:15 Overloading Demonstration 18:58 Assignment Operator= 20:26 Deep Copy 20:37 Copy Constructor 20:55 Overloading Operator= 22:21 Example Member Function 22:28 Overloading Binary Operator== 27:10 Example 'Equal' Member Method 27:30 Other Comparison Methods Can Call This One 31:09 Overloading Binary Operator< 32:30 Example: 'Less Than' Member Method 32:43 Overloading Arithmetic Operators 35:04 '@=' Operator 35:23 Operations Work Symmetrically 36:22 Overloading Binary Object-to-Object 38:19 '@=' Is Member Function with Full Access 38:27 '@' is Non-Member Function 40:24 Multiple a Vector by a Number to Make it Larger 43:19 Need Two Symmetrical Non-Member Functions 44:46 Overloading Unary Operator 47:16 No Parameter for the Operator@ Function 47:40 Overloading Prefix/Postfix Operator 49:12 Unary Operators with Different Semantics for Prefix and Postfix 49:38 '++' and '--' 50:43 Overloading Prefix Operator++ 51:21 Add 1.0 to X/Y Components Before Accessing Value for Caller 51:38 Also Include the Operator-- to Subtract 1.0 51:55 Overloading Postfix Operator++ 52:02 Give It a Dummy Operator 52:07 Overloading, Object-to-Other Object 54:18 Make Non-Member Function a 'Friend' to Access Private Members of Your Class 54:36 Parameters Must Include Other Objects When Overloading 54:50 Useful for Saving an Object to a File 55:52 Overloading Operator<< 56:45 Include Non-Member 'Friend' Function in Class 56:50 Implement Function in the Compilation Unit 57:58 Allows Output of Your Objects with Other Data 59:39 Array Operator[] 60:55 Example: The Standard Library Vector 62:00 Named Vector 62:49 Overload Array Operator [] 63:19 Implement Operator[] As a Member Function 63:23 Write the Code 64:15 It Lets You Define a Non-Int for the 'Array Index' 65:22 Function Operator() 66:39 Examples 67:07 Define (idx) 68:38 Overloading Function Operator() 69:45 Implement Operator() As a Member Function 69:48 Calling Example 71:27 Bad Overloading! 72:27 Exception Handling 57:51 Intro 0:00 Overview 0:11 Something Went Wrong! Now What? 6:05 Data Must Always be Validated 6:11 Many Operations Will Validate Input to Make Sure No Mistakes Were Made 8:13 Many Check the External Environment 10:26 Many Don’t Check But App Can Still Crash 10:56 Different Error Checking Methods 11:38 Traditional Method 11:42 Exception Handlin 14:09 Lazy Way 15:30 Traditional Error Checking 16:08 Example: Return Code, Simply 'if' 16:12 Example: Output Parameter 18:15 Exception Handling 20:01 'Try' Block 20:05 'Catch All' Block 20:49 No 'Finally' Block 21:31 'System Errors' 22:34 Basic Syntax 23:12 Code to Throw an Exception 23:16 Code to Handle an Exception 23:49 Example Exception 26:51 Run This Program Fragment, It Will Crash 26:54 Run This One, The Error is Controlled 28:00 Throw Exception 30:51 Can 'Throw' An Exception If Error Conditions Found 30:56 Basic Example' 'int' Exceptions 31:03 Character String Exceptions 36:16 Exception Can Be Any Type, But a Character String Can be Informative in Simple Cases 36:19 Not Good for More Than Simple Situations 38:19 Derive From 'Exception' Class 38:34 When You Don’t Care Exactly Which Sub-Class of 'Exception' Can Be Thrown 39:02 When Each Sub-Class Handled Differently 39:17 Exception Derivation Example 41:28 Adding 'Throw()' Keyword to Prototype 45:32 Promises to Compiler What Kind of Exceptions the Function or Method Might Throw 45:42 Leave the Keyword Off 46:39 Leave the Parameter List Empty 46:51 Exception Can Not Be Caught With a Type-Specific Handler 47:28 Exceptions Not Derived From 'Exception' 49:11 Don’t Rely on System Exceptions! 54:06 Certain System Operations Don't Throw an Exception in a Platform-Independent Manner 54:10 Examples 54:25 Your Own Code Should Test for the Conditions That Might Lead to Uncatchable Exceptions 56:03 Exceptional! 57:30 Namespaces 29:51 Intro 0:00 Overview 0:15 Namespaces 5:27 Uses the 'Scope Operator' 5:30 Two Kinds: Standard Library and Classname 5:47 Helps Avoid Third Party Name Collision 6:42 'Namespace' for Class Association 7:46 Scope 7:53 Example 8:01 Implementation in Separate File, Same Scope 8:46 Define a Namespace 10:05 Use 'namespace' Keyword, Valid Identifier, and Block to Add to a Namespace 10:07 Example 10:40 Units Can Share Namespace 12:26 'std' Namespace 12:40 Include Namespace Declaration Block in Each Compilation Unit 13:13 Use Namespaces for Types, Classes 14:04 Compilation Unit: alpha.cpp 14:11 Compilation Unit: beta.cpp 14:27 Calling Unit 14:49 Don't Use Namespaces for Instances 15:21 Namespace Cannot Be Used to Duplicate Names of Object Instances in Different Compilation Units 15:25 Example 15:40 Error When Compilation Units Are Linked Together 16:22 Using Explicit Namespace 16:51 Header File for Class 16:56 Use of Namespace in Compilation Unit 17:03 'Using' Keyword 17:36 Specify a Default Namespace 17:40 More Than One 'Using' Can Be Specified 18:49 Avoiding 'Using' 20:48 Third-Party Packages Often Avoid 'Using' 20:49 Example 21:03 Using for Particular Names 22:54 The 'Using' Keyword Can Set Up Just Certain Names for a Default Use 22:56 Naming Strategy 24:30 Unique Name, World-Wide 24:48 Avoid Confusion with Another Similar Name 25:23 Typical Advice: Use Company Website Name 25:30 Namespace Aliases 28:35 User Uses Certain Namespace with a Different Name 28:27 Example 28:38 Avoiding Duplicates 29:33 Input/ Output 42:46 Intro 0:00 Overview 0:11 Streams 4:37 Byte Streams 4:51 Operator '<<' Overloaded for Output 5:14 Operator '>>' Overloaded for Input 5:47 I/O Class Hierarchy 6:46 ios_base 6:57 Input Stream 7:04 Output Stream 8:27 Multiply Inherits From istream, ostream 9:04 Buffer Class Hierarchy 9:27 Buffering Allows I/O to Work More Efficiently 9:38 'Flushed' 9:54 Streambuf - Buffer for Data 9:58 Base Class Attributes 10:25 Formatting Information 10:36 State Information 14:43 Sub-Class Members 15:46 IOS Adds Additional Members and Methods 15:49 Error State Flags 18:23 Input Classes 20:31 istream - Input Character Stream 20:33 ifstream - Input File Character Stream 22:50 istringstream - Input String Character Stream 23:23 Output Classes 24:10 ostream - Output Character Stream 24:13 ofstream - Output File Character Stream 25:28 ostringstream - String Character Stream 25:42 Multiple Inheritance and Includes 25:59 iostream - Multiply Inherits From istream, ostream 26:04 Classic Example of Multiple Inheritance 26:22 fstream - Inherits From iostream 26:47 stringstream - Inherits From iostream 27:08 Detect Failures Using Status Bits 27:32 Test the Status Bits 27:43 Use Exceptions 29:12 Failure Bit Cautions 30:20 failbit Is Set on Formatted Input if the Input Stream Cannot be Parsed 30:27 Example 30:37 String I/O with Stringstream 32:21 Used for Input and Output 32:26 Example 33:45 Flushing Data buffer 35:39 Sometimes Buffering Is Not Desired 35:43 Input Flush Example 37:10 Output Flush Example 38:17 Internationalization 39:06 Complex Problem with Different Cultures 39:20 'Imbue' I/O with Installed Locale Info 40:12 Set Size of a 'Character' for I/O 41:45 Confused Yet? 42:47 More With Functions 42:52 Intro 0:00 Overview 0:18 Parameters for 'Main' 2:18 First Function 2:19 The Way Seen Most Often 5:13 Some Typical Parameters 6:05 Help 6:11 Version 6:22 User 6:51 Password / Port 6:59 File To Be Operated On 7:25 Code Example 8:25 Some Things of Note 12:17 First Item in 'argv' is the Program File 12:20 How Each Argument is Given to the Program is OS Dependent 13:42 A Return of '0' Usually Means Success 14:48 More Things of Note 15:11 It's Customary to Have Both Stand-Alone Arguments (Options) and Arguments with Additional Parameters 15:28 Examples 15:37 Inline Functions 17:37 'inline' Tells the Compiler to Insert the Function Body Explicitly Into the Code 17:43 Function Modularity Without Function Overhead 17:53 Example 19:05 Recursive Functions 20:22 Definition of Recursive: A Function or Algorithm That Uses Itself to Solve a Problem 20:34 Common Mistakes 20:56 Classic Example: Factorial 21:27 Recursive Factorial Code 23:16 Compare Iterative Version 23:48 Pointers to Functions 25:55 Technique Used Often in GUI Programming 26:05 The Package Calls the Caller's Function by Dereferencing the Pointer 26:45 Example 27:04 Pointers to Functions as Parameters 27:45 Syntax 28:01 Calling Parameter Function Within Function 29:42 Example 30:15 Multi-Dimensional Array Parameters 31:07 Function Receives a Pointer to Array But Can Not Know Size Ingo 31:40 Example 31:48 Ways to Handle; 1-Dim Array 33:53 Good use for an Inline Function 34:06 Ways to Handle: Internal Data 35:38 Example 1 35:48 Example 2 36:25 Ways to Handle: Objects 39:38 Example 39:47 Usage Examples 41:18 No Help Here! 42:28 More Types 39:10 Intro 0:00 Overview 0:12 More Kinds of C++ Types 1:32 It Has Strong Type Conventions That Can Be Used to Enforce Program Integrity 1:50 Recommended: Avoid the Short Cuts! 2:02 If a Short Cut is Necessary… 2:57 Unions 3:24 Union = Short-Cut 3:25 Example: Inspect Each Byte of a 32 bit Integer 3:56 This May Not Run the Same on Different Platforms 5:11 Union of Struct 8:12 Typical Use for a Union is Sharing Memory Between Structures 8:13 Example 8:21 Union Rules 9:56 There's No Platform Independent Way to Store Member Data 9:57 Cannot Store Classes That Have Constructors 11:37 Enumerators 12:39 Useful for Defining Enumerated Constants 12:40 Use it Like Any Other Type 13:02 Example: Can Be Started and Restarted at Any Value 13:38 Can Be Used Like Any Integer 14:48 Less Error-Prone 15:10 Be Careful Changing the Sequence 15:25 Example: Sometimes Useful to Associate String Constants 16:24 Use of 'typedef' 17:46 In C, 'types' Created with 'typedef' Keyword 17:47 In C++, the Keyword is Largely Unnecessary 17:52 Examples: Use of'typedef' in C and C++ 18:06 Custom Type Substitution 19:57 'typedef' Keyword is Often used in Place of Somet Other underlying Type for Purposes of Clarity 19:58 Examples: Custom Type Substitution 20:25 Pointer Hiding 23:10 Pointer to a Type Look 23:11 Example: Pointer Hiding 23:39 Cautions Using Underlying Types 26:02 Example: Using Underlying Types 26:03 The Underlying on Most Systems Today 26:42 Example: Only Works Because It Is an 'int' 27:20 Cautions Using time_t Typedef 28:05 32-Bit Integer 'Runs Out' In The Year 2038 28:06 Only Use the Provided Classes and Functions Designed to Handle a Particular Type 29:27 When Working with typedef, Treat It Like A Class Object 29:45 'const' Ness 30:45 It’s More Than Just Declaring a Variable or Parameter That Cannot Be Changed 30:46 Also Used on Methods 31:25 Example: 'const' ness 31:37 'const' on Object Attributes 33:01 Can Be Used on Object Attributes 33:01 Example: 'const' on Object Attributes 33:06 Row That Is Permanently Identified by 17 33:34 Allow Certain Change, 'mutable' 34:29 'mutable' Allows Change 34:30 Used on Specific Object Members When the Method Is Supposed to be 'const' 34:49 Why Would Some Members Need to Change? 35:23 Examples 36:00 'mutable' Examples 36:49 Union Troubles 38:53 Macros and Compilation 51:23 Intro 0:00 Overview 0:14 Pre-Processor Macros 2:57 Define with the 'Pound' Character 2:58 Macros Are Pre-Processed on a Textual Basis 3:48 Including Other Files 5:25 Use the 'Include' Macro When You Use a Pre-Compiled Library 5:26 Triangle Brackets 6:20 Quotes Indicate That the Include File May Be Found in the Same Directory as the File Being Compiled 6:32 Any Text File Can Be Included 7:00 Basic Constant Definition 8:54 'Define' Macro Keyboard 8:55 'MAX_ROWS replaced by '300' 10:16 Compiler Never Sees MAX_ROW 10:48 Literally Anything Can Be Defined 12:03 Typical Use 12:19 Application Constants 12:30 C++ Improvements 12:48 Using Macros in Macros 13:32 Macro Substitution Can Occur in Macro Substitution 13:33 Example 14:17 Text Replacement 14:30 Conditional Compilation, Includes 16:20 ifdef, ifndef, if, else, elif, and endif 16:21 Include Guards and Example 18:10 Conditional Compilation 20:21 Don't Print Out Debugging Info in the Production Code 20:22 Compiler Will Never See the Testing Code 21:48 Macros Can Be 'undef'ed 22:36 Good for Temporary Removal 23:27 'Comment Out' Sections 23:37 Can't Use the // or /**/ Comment 23:54 Use 'ifdef' 24:57 Macro Functions 26:29 Macros Have a Facility for Creating Small In-Text Functions 26:30 Define a Macro Function 27:16 If You Need More Than One Line 27:32 Macro Function Examples 28:34 Return Area of a Circle 28:35 Return Volume of a Cylinder 29:00 What Can Happen Without Parentheses? 29:45 Avoid Those Problems 31:14 In C++, Use Inline Functions 31:15 Inline Functions Avoid All Other Problems That Historically Have Occurred With Macros 32:11 Mixing C with C++ 34:08 C Code Can Not Be Linked Directly with C++ Code 34:09 In C Header File Add 35:38 Pre-Defined Macros 37:18 Macros That Should Be Pre-Defined for Every Standards-Compliant Compiler 37:19 Occasional Misuse 38:39 Abusing the Facility 38:40 Example: Trying to 'look' Like Pascal 39:03 Allows Code to be Written Like This 39:20 Compiling 40:14 Typical Compilation Command Line 40:15 Compilation of One Unit at a Time 41:02 Compiler Flags to Find Libraries 42:34 Finding Other Include Files and Other Libraries to Link Into Your Application 42:35 Example: Create an Application that Uses the MySQL Database 43:02 Other Useful Flags 47:07 Small Set of Command Line is Most Common 47:08 '-c' Create an Object File From the Source 47:12 '-g' Add Internal Code That Allows a Run-Time Debugger to Hook into the Program 47:22 '-Dmacro' Set a Macro to be Defined 47:58 '-E' Stop After Pre-Processing 48:55 '-S' Stop After Compilation 49:26 Setting Flags for IDE 49:51 If You're Using Eclipse 49:52 Example 50:25 Uh, Almost 51:03 A Look at Some Code 57:58 Intro 0:00 Real Code Example 0:29 Global Constants 1:10 Account.cpp 2:14 Account.h 3:03 Call Back Function 3:24 Vector and Transactions 4:10 Constructor 5:54 User.h 8:54 User.cpp 12:01 Exceptions 23:56 Class Exception, Minor Exception, and Regular Exception 24:57 StringField.h 29:38 StringField.cpp 35:40 NumberField.h 38:56 NumberField.cpp 44:56 IntegerField.cpp 47:53 Date.h 49:17 Date.cpp 51:10 BankAccountMain.cpp 52:20 Lesson Summary 56:46